寒潮是冬季的一种灾害性天气，群众习惯把寒潮称为寒流。所谓寒潮，是指来自高纬度地区的寒冷空气，在特定的天气形势下迅速加强并向中低纬度地区侵入，造成沿途地区大范围剧烈降温、大风和雨雪天气。这种冷空气南侵达到一定标准的就称为寒潮。

Cold wave is a kind of disastrous weather in winter, and people are used to call it cold current.  The so-called cold wave refers to the cold air from the high latitude area, under a specific weather situation, quickly strengthen and invade the middle and low latitude areas, causing a large area of severe cooling, wind and snow weather.  This cold air intrusion that reaches a certain standard is called cold wave. 

入侵中国的寒潮主要有四条路径：

The cold wave invading China has three main routes: 

（1）西路：从西伯利亚西部进入中国新疆，经河西走廊向东南推进；

(1) West Road:

From western Siberia into Xinjiang, China, through Hexi Corridor to the southeast;

（2）中路：从西伯利亚中部和蒙古进入中国后，经河套地区和华中南下；

(2)  Middle route:

After entering China from central Siberia and Mongolia, it goes southward through Hetao region and central China; 

（3）东路：从西伯利亚东部或蒙古东部进入中国东北地区，经华北地区南下；

(3)  East Route:

Enter northeast China from eastern Siberia or Mongolia and go southward via North China; 

（4）东路加西路：东路冷空气从河套下游南下，西路冷空气从青海东南下，两股冷空气常在黄土高原东侧，黄河、长江之间汇合，汇合时造成大范围的雨雪天气，接着两股冷空气合并南下，出现大风和明显降温。

(4) East road plus West Road: The cold air on the east road flows southward from the downstream of Hetao, and the cold air on the west road flows southeast from Qinghai. The two cold air streams often converge on the east side of the Loess Plateau，between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, causing widespread rain and snow weather. Then the two cold air streams merge and move southward, causing strong wind and obvious cooling. 

寒潮的爆发在不同的地域环境下具有不同的特点：在西北沙漠和黄土高原，表现为大风少雪，极易引发沙尘暴天气；在内蒙古草原则为大风、吹雪和低温天气；在华北、黄淮地区，寒潮袭来常常风雪交加；在东北表现为更猛烈的大风、大雪，降雪量为全国之冠；在江南常伴随着寒风苦雨。

The outbreak of cold wave has different characteristics in different regional environments: In the northwest desert and loess plateau, it is characterized by strong wind and little snow, which easily leads to sandstorm weather; In Inner Mongolia grassland，it usually causes wind, blowing snow and low temperature weather; In North China and Huang-Huai regions, cold waves are often accompanied by wind and snow.  In the northeast, it contributes to more severe wind and snow and the snowfall is the highest in China.  In regions south of the Yangtze River，it is often accompanied by cold wind and bitter rain. 

寒潮大风造成的灾害主要取决于风力和大风持续的时间。就全国来看，瞬时出现的最大风速，除了高山和有力的地形外，只有内蒙古北部出现过40m/s以上的寒潮大风。据多年大风过程统计，中国沿海较内陆大风时间长，北方较南方大风时间长，偏北大风比偏南大风持续时间长。寒潮大风对农业生产、渔业生产、航运和军事活动等会造成很大影响，严重的可酿成灾害，给国民经济带来巨大的损失。

The damage caused by strong cold gale depends on the wind power and how long it lasts.  Across the whole country, the instantaneous maximum wind speed has reached more than 40m/s only in the northern Part of Inner Mongolia without regard to high mountains and strong terrain. According to the statistics of the gale process over the years, the gale duration in the coastal areas and north of China is longer than that in the inland areas and south respectively. The cold gale has a great impact on agricultural production, fishery production, shipping and military activities, which may lead to serious disasters and bring huge losses to the national economy. 

寒潮天气的一个明显特点是剧烈降温，低温能导致作物霜冻害、河港封冻、交通中断灾害，常会给工农业带来经济损失。寒潮冻害特指冬季严寒对越冬作物的冻害。寒潮天气过程是高纬地区大规模的强冷空气南下，使经过之地出现剧烈降温和大风的天气过程。

An obvious characteristic of cold wave weather is drastic cooling. Low temperature can cause freezing injury to crops, frozen river and port, traffic interruption disaster and often brings economic losses to industry and agriculture.  Cold wave freezing damage refers to the freezing damage of winter crops.  Cold wave weather process is a large-scale strong cold air moving southward from high latitudes, which causes severe cooling and strong wind in the passing land. 

在寒潮过程中，最突出的天气是降雪（雨）、大风和剧烈降温。冬季适量的积雪覆盖对于农作物越冬、增加土壤水分、冻死害虫卵、减轻大气污染等是有益的，但寒潮带来过多的降雪，甚至连续数天或十多天的暴风雪，就会造成灾害。在牧区，由于寒潮暴风雪而酿成的“白灾”，牧草被雪深埋，牲畜吃不上鲜草，干草供应不上，造成冻饿或因而染病，发生大量死亡，对畜牧业危害很大。

During the cold wave, the most prominent weather is snowfall (rainfall), wind and severe cooling.  Adequate snow cover in winter is beneficial to the overwintering of crops, increasing soil moisture, freezing and killing insect eggs, and reducing air pollution. However, excessive snowfall caused by cold wave, or even snowstorms lasting for several days or more than ten days, will cause disasters. In pastoral areas, the "white disaster" caused by the cold wave and snowstorm caused the herbage to be buried deeply by the snow. Thus, the livestock could not eat the fresh grass and the hay could not be supplied. As a result, a large number of people died of cold, hunger or disease, which caused great harm to the animal husbandry. 

当气温发生骤降时，要注意添衣保暖，特别是要注意手、脸的保暖。

关好门窗，固紧室外搭建物。

外出当心路滑跌倒。

老弱病人，特别是心血管病人、哮喘病人等对气温变化敏感的人群尽量不要外出。

注意休息，不要过度疲劳。

采用煤炉取暖的家庭要提防煤气中毒。

应加强天气预报，提前发布准确的寒潮消息或警报。

发布准确的寒潮消息或警报，使海上船舶及时返航。

事先对农作物，畜群等做好防寒准备。

When the temperature plummets, pay attention to add clothes to keep warm, especially for face and hands. 

Close doors and windows and secure outdoor structures. 

Be careful of slips and falls. 

Old and weak patients, especially cardiovascular patients, asthma patients and others sensitive to temperature changes should not go out as far as possible. 

Rest well and don't overwork yourself. 

Households heated by coal stoves should be wary of gas poisoning. 

The weather forecast should be more efficient to issue accurate cold wave information or warning should be issued in advance. 

Issue accurate cold wave information or warning, so that ships at sea can return timely. 

Ensure crops and herds, etc. prepared for cold weather in advance. 

END

图文 | 海宁气象志愿者 范晨晨

审核 | 祝成彦

审定 | 蒋傲天

部分素材来源于网络